At the time this article was
written Charles Bogue was with the Parliamentary Relations and Protocol Branch
of the Quebec National Assembly
What if specialists in English literature
one day discover a work in French that they suspect to be the translation of an
hitherto unknown play by Shakespeare. The original having inexplicably
disappeared, they decide to bring the full weight of their knowledge to bear in
order to reconstruct the lost text from the translation. How ought they to
proceed? Whimsical though such a question may seem in the pages of a
parliamentary review, the scenario described above actually proved quite
relevant at the National Assembly for it was precisely this spirit that led to
the production of a new English version of the Standing Orders. This article
outlines the evolution of the Standing Orders and explains how the project was
undertaken.
In order to clarify why it was
deemed necessary to prepare new Standing Orders in English, it will be helpful
to review the evolution of the rules of procedure of the National Assembly. By
simplifying the facts somewhat, we can identify four major phases in the
evolution of the Standing Orders.1
Historical Overview
First phase (1793 to 1912): During
this period the rules of procedure are virtually identical to those observed in
London, with English being the original language. The French translation was at
times of doubtful quality and sometimes failed to reproduce precisely the sense
of the English. The quality of the French text improved considerably towards
the end of the nineteenth century.
Second phase (1912 to 1972): The
rules underwent a profound change under Clerk Louis-Philippe Geoffrion. With
his vast knowledge of the British parliamentary system, Geoffrion created over
time a formidable work that, with its 812 rules, is one of the most voluminous
sets of Standing Orders in the Commonwealth. As to their language, these
Standing Orders appear to represent a transitional phase: although the French
text is in principle the original, some parts nevertheless leave the impression
of having been borrowed from English sources and translated into French.
Third phase (1972 to 1984): The revision of the Standing Orders undertaken
by the President Jean-Noël Lavoie greatly simplifies the Assembly's procedure
while reducing the number of rules from 812 to 180. Written in a more modern
French than that of their predecessors, these Standing Orders were also the
first whose French version is unquestionably the original.
Fourth phase (1984 to the present):
A new revision of the Standing Orders under President Richard Guay brought
further improvements to the French-language terminology.
Thus, at the present-day stage of
this evolution (which has surely yet to be completed), Quebec as heir to a
parliamentary system conceived and transmitted in English possesses Standing
Orders in French that do full justice to its own special genius and are suited
to its indigenous practice.
In being thus transplanted to a
French-speaking culture, however, the British parliamentary system appeared to
have been seriously uprooted, at least as far as language was concerned. Hence
the desire to translate the Standing Orders anew.
The Scope of the Project
The first problem was to ascertain
whether the uprooting had occurred only on the linguistic level or whether a
real divergence had developed between parliamentary democracy as practised at
the National Assembly and that of other Commonwealth Parliaments.
Appearances notwithstanding, it was
suspected that an important part of the British parliamentary heritage had
probably survived in the rules and practices of the National Assembly, albeit
in veiled or even profoundly altered form.
But if the core of this
parliamentary system has remained intact, would it not then still be
appropriate today to employ in the English Standing Orders the terminology by
which this system has traditionally expressed itself?
If that were the case, the second
problem would then be to delimit precisely the similarities and the differences
between the Quebec Standing Orders and those of other assemblies in such a way
as to create a new English text that would be as "authentic" as
possible. Indeed, to the extent that the current rules of procedure reflect the
letter or at least the spirit of this parliamentary heritage, it seemed
reasonable not merely to translate the French text but rather to
"reconstitute" the - obviously hypothetical - English text that would
have existed had the contemporary Standing Orders been written, like their
early predecessors, originally in English.
A painstaking comparative study of
the rules of the National Assembly and those of its sister assemblies was thus
essential. But which rules were to be studied, and how?
The National and International
Contexts
To situate the Quebec Standing
Orders more exactly within the Canadian context, the Standing Orders of the
House of Commons as well as those of the ten Canadian provinces and two
territories were examined. To lend the study an international dimension, and
given the importance in the British parliamentary system of the House of
Commons in London and of the Houses of Representatives of Australia and New
Zealand, the Standing Orders of these Parliaments were likewise included.
But the Quebec historical context
was important too, for it was essential that the new English Standing Orders be
in harmony with the parliamentary tradition of Quebec. For the purposes of this
research, then, the Geoffrion and Lavoie Standing Orders, mentioned above -
which enjoy even today a certain interpretive value in Quebec parliamentary
practice - had also to be considered.
To bring the study full circle,
however, it was decided to consult as well the 1895 Manual of the Legislative Assembly
of Quebec. These rules, largely forgotten today, bear sometimes astonishing
resemblances to the contemporary Standing Orders of certain Canadian
assemblies. Moreover, they are the last parliamentary rules in Quebec that were
likely to have been drafted originally in English.
The reader will be spared the
details of the methodology used to effect the comparison among the various
Standing Orders examined. Suffice it to say that a system of concordances was
devised that made it possible to place side by side the thousands of rules in
question and to compare them section by section, sentence by sentence, and even
word by word, so as to highlight their similarities and differences. These
concordances were in turn used to compile an annotated version of the Standing
Orders that, one may hope, will prove useful to drafters of future amendments
or recastings of these orders.
What the Comparative Study Shows
The comparative study confirms the
original hypothesis: the National Assembly's rules of procedure remain in large
measure - indeed, to an astonishing degree - faithful to the principles and
practices of the British parliamentary system.
It also enables one to delve behind
the apparent homogeneity of the current Standing Orders to uncover the thread
linking the evolutionary process they have undergone since 1793. In fact, when
examined closely, these orders clearly reveal not only how deeply Quebec has
set its roots into traditional parliamentary soil but also that there is really
something new under the sun in Quebec.
As examples of what is new here one
can cite two procedures peculiar to the standing committees of the Assembly:
the interpellation (an exchange between the members of a committee and a
minister regarding a subject that falls within his jurisdiction) and the
examination of financial commitments (the scrutiny of sums of money that the
public administration has firmly committed itself to spending, a process that
must be clearly distinguished from the review of the public accounts). We
believe these procedures to have no direct equivalent elsewhere in the British
parliamentary system.
One might mention as well the
limited debate, that is to say a debate of not more than two hours which is
required for the carrying out of certain acts of the Assembly. A debate of this
kind must be organized by the President of the Assembly in consultation with
the House leaders of the parliamentary groups. This procedure likewise appears
to be unique to the National Assembly.
Although parliamentary democracy in
Quebec has given birth to a few novelties, other acts of procedure remain
firmly anchored in the British parliamentary system but have nevertheless
undergone an evolution leading to the emergence of what might be termed
"hybrid" procedures.
A particularly interesting
"hybrid" is the debate on the opening speech of the session. In
Quebec there are really two speeches: that by the Lieutenant Governor, which
formally opens the session, and another by the Prime Minister immediately
thereafter. Only the latter is actually debated, at least in theory. What is
more, the traditional address in reply to the Lieutenant Governor's speech, to
which the opposition customarily moves amendments seeking to transform it into
a want of confidence motion, disappeared long ago in Quebec. Instead, each
Member who speaks in the debate on the opening speech may move his own want of
confidence motion; when the debate is concluded, the question is put
successively on the several motions.
Thus, while this cornerstone of
parliamentary procedure is still present in Quebec, it differs markedly from
equivalent procedures at other Parliaments.
Nevertheless, we must not let these
peculiarities of Quebec practice blind us to the deep common bonds that unite
the parliamentary system in Quebec and the British parliamentary system in
general. In reality, not only the substance of Quebec practice but sometimes
even the form it assumes adhere quite closely to the essential features of the
British system.
In particular, the following may be
noted as testifying, in the main, to an undeniable traditionalism:
the election of the President (Standing Orders 5 to 8 of the National
Assembly);
the maintenance of order and decorum (Standing Orders 29 to 44);
the tabling of petitions and the criteria for their receivability
(Standing Orders 62 to 64);
parliamentary privilege (Standing Orders 67 to 70);
oral questions (Standing Orders 74 to 82) and written questions
(Standing Orders 313 and 314);
the consideration of public bills (Standing Orders 229 to 257);
the consideration of private bills (Standing Orders 264 to 270 and rules
32 to 41 for the conduct of proceedings); and
adjournment debates (Standing Orders 308 to 312).
Even financial procedures i.e. the
budget debate and the examination of the estimates of expenditure remain
faithful, at least in their broadest outlines, to that of the larger British
parliamentary system.
Furthermore, the Standing Orders of
the National Assembly occasionally set forth in explicit terms principles and
practices that, while they are almost universal in the parliamentary system,
usually remain part of the unwritten tradition.
As an example, the Assembly's
Standing Orders describe the role, the powers, and the authority of its
President in a wealth of detail that is not to be found in the Standing Orders
of other assemblies within the British system; yet the provisions in question
do little more than set forth in black and white the powers with which British
Parliaments ordinarily invest their presiding officers.
The Role of the New English
Standing Orders
Interesting though the above
observations may be, it must not be forgotten that the research which made them
possible was done with a view to producing a new English text of the Standing
Orders of the National Assembly. We would accordingly be remiss if we did not
at this point ask ourselves a question that - to return to the original
scenario with which the article opens -might be formulated as follows: Have we
have really succeeded in reconstituting the "lost," albeit hypothetical,
English "original" of the Standing Orders.
The duty of pronouncing judgment on
the intrinsic worth of the new text ought best to be left to others. Regarding
its usefulness, however, it might be appropriate to suggest here, two roles
that it could play, regardless of its inevitable defects:
For those working at the National
Assembly, whose English-speaking parliamentary tradition has faded with the
passage of time, the new English Standing Orders may perhaps re-establish a
kind of "missing link" between an almost forgotten past and an ever
evolving present.
On the other hand, for colleagues
working outside Quebec, who most often consult the English version of our
Standing Orders, the new English text should not only be more easily
comprehensible but should also underscore the fact that the National Assembly,
far from being the anomaly in the Commonwealth parliamentary system that some
suspect it to be, remains a member of the very same system that gave birth to
all Canadian Parliaments.
The ultimate value of this project
may reside in the fact that it has illuminated at once the profound
similarities among the various Canadian Parliaments and the remarkable
flexibility inherent in the parliamentary system of which the National Assembly
is a part. Indeed, as one surveys the rules of procedure of the several
Canadian assemblies, one cannot but be struck, despite the many variants that
are to be encountered, by the common substance and spirit that unite
Parliaments not only in Ottawa and Quebec City but from Victoria all the way to
St. John's.
We might note in closing that on
May 26, 1994 the new English text of the Standing Orders has received the
unanimous support of the parliamentary groups in the National Assembly. After
the President of the Assembly, Jean-Pierre Saintonge, tabled this text and
moved its adoption on May 26, 1994, the Government House Leader, Pierre
Paradis, expressed his pleasure at having been able to collaborate in its
preparation. Guy Chevrette, the Official Opposition House leader, then
delivered his own appraisal.
... having examined this new
version, I can state that the finished product is an especially happy one
which, by its choice of vocabulary, admirably reflects our parliamentary
tradition in all its richness, yet remains exceedingly faithful to the genius
of our Standing Orders in French. I should hope, Mr. President, that other
parliamentarians who will have occasion to read our Standing Orders in the
future will derive still greater inspiration from them and from our parliamentary
tradition as well.
Notes
1. This brief overview is based on
a paper by André Beaulieu, "Évolution de la procédure parlementaire depuis
1793" (unpublished), Conversation du partimoine et des archives, National
Assembly, March 1987.